In the 17th century, New England Puritans tried to create a essays

In the seventeenth century, New England Puritans attempted to make a papers During the seventeenth century, Puritans came to American searching for trust, opportunity, riches and joy. Many discovered it, however many missed the pontoon. Upwards of 6,500 to 8,000 individuals every year left, as 25,000 to 30,000 remaining during the initial three many years of the century. Generally went as youthful, unmarried hirelings. Puritans were a lot of attempting to make their very own universe that they could oversee, control, dominate, and investigate in general. At the point when they came to settle, they needed to choose rapidly what they needed throughout everyday life and how they would accomplish their objective. You needed to contemplate of where your most unadulterated land was, the place there was open land, where the numerous Indian clans were, and where the climate would influence your development as a grower. Puritans came to America needing to spread their own religion as a way that everybody would be under and no issues would or could happen. Most puritans went under the religion of Calvinism the same number of were frequently strict biased people since they victimized the Indians and just acknowledged the caring that didnt like Quakers. Before the finish of the seventeenth century, Parliament was much in progress for making rules and guidelines for others to follow. The Puritans needed to clear Indians out and become pioneers of the New World of America. They before long went over the magnificence of workers and items that would bring them wealth, for example, cotton and tobacco. Chesapeake freemen made a trip to the New World as obligated workers and by sheer favorable luck, figured out how to stay alive as far as possible of their agreements. The majority of them who had longed for turning out to be incredible grower, were immediately frustrated. Most didn't mull over of climate, items, exchanging and planting when attempting to go into business to get rich as others. As they proceeded onward in their lives, they stumbled into issues, for example, those and were alleviated to end up unemployed and poor. ... <!

Cosmetic Surgery Is Moving Toward Multiethnic Beauty Ideals Essay

â€Å"The expanding number of nonwhites getting restorative medical procedure is helping society quicken from a creep to a to the max run toward one really softened, combination community.† In the accompanying perspective, Anupreeta Das addresses whether minorities go under the blade to look progressively Caucasian. She recommends that as ethnically vague marvels rise in amusement and the media, numerous African American, Asian, and Latino restorative medical procedure patients need changes that fit with their ethnic highlights. Truth be told, Das states more specialists today are work in race-explicit techniques. This mixing and diminishing of racial qualities through corrective medical procedure permit minorities to fit in with excellence norms that are moving endlessly from a Caucasian perfect, she asserts. Das is a columnist situated in Boston. As you read, think about the accompanying inquiries: 1.As expressed by Das, how do rhinoplasty strategies contrast among Caucasians, African Americans, and Asian Americans? 2.Why did Jewish individuals grasp restorative medical procedure, as indicated by the perspective? 3.According to Das, what do pundits say about the expansion of ethnic models in the design business? For right around a century, the ladies who have gone to corrective medical procedure to accomplish beautyâ€or some Hollywood-meets-Madison Avenue adaptation of itâ€were all things considered, shapes, and sizes however quite often of one shade: white. Be that as it may, presently, when there is by all accounts nothing that two or three thousand dollars can’t fix, ladies of shading are clamoring in soaring numbers to have their appearances and bodies nipped, clipped, lifted, pulled, and tucked. This is a stage forward, isn't that so? In the place where there is new chances at life, we hail when hindrances separate and more individuals get the opportunity to participate in easy street, in a manner of speaking. There are numerous clarifications for the new readiness of minorities to go under the blade: their expanding numbers and discretionary cashflow, the promotion of corrective medical procedure and its developing acknowledgment as a typical marvel routine,â and its relative reasonableness. What’s critical are the methods minorities are picking. As a general rule, they’re choosing for precisely limited the range of their noses and liven up their noses or stitch their eyelids to make an additional crease. Or on the other hand they’re sucking out the fat from bottom and hips that, for their race or ethnicity, are commonly stout. Everything could prompt one assumption: These ladies are making themselves look more whiteâ€or in any event less ethnic. Be that as it may, maybe not to the degree some assume. â€Å"People need to keep their ethnic identity,† says Dr. Arthur Shektman, a Wellesley-based plastic specialist. â€Å"They need some change, yet they don’t truly need a white nose on a dark face.† Shektman says not one of his minority patientsâ€they make up around 30 percent of his training, up from around 5 percent 10 years agoâ€has stated, â€Å"I need to look white.† He accepts this is proof that the prevailing Caucasian-focused thought of fair, blue-peered toward excellence is offering route to various â€Å"ethnic principles of beauty,† with any semblance of Halle Berry, Jennifer Lopez, and Lucy Liu as banner young ladies. â€Å"No way† is the appropriate response Tamar Williams of Dorchester gives when inquired as to whether her craving to precisely decrease the width of her nose and get a perkier tip was affected by a Caucasian norm. â€Å"Why would I need to look white?† Growing into, the 24-year-old African-American bank employee says, she ached for a nose that wasn’t so wide or level or huge for her face. â€Å"It wasn’t that I didn’t like it,† Williams says. â€Å"I simply needed to change it.† Hoping to turn into a model, she thinks the nose work she got in November [2007] will bring her a lifetime of satisfaction and opportunity. â€Å"I was constantly certain. However, presently I can flaunt my nose.† However others are less persuaded that the hundreds of years old obsession with Caucasian beautyâ€from the Mona Lisa to Pamela Andersonâ€has loosened. â€Å"I’m not prepared to settle the possibility that the white perfect has not saturated our psyches,† says Janie Ward, a teacher of Africana Studies at Simmons College. â€Å"It is as yet forming our desires for what is beautiful.† A Peculiar Fusion Regardless of whether the flooding number of minority patients is affected by a white norm, one point accompanies little uncertainty: The $12.4 billion-a-year plastic medical procedure industry is adjusting its methods to satisfy this need. The American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (AAFPRS), for instance, has as of late held gatherings on subjects running from Asian upper-eyelid medical procedure to purported ethnic rhinoplasty. The conversation will come to Boston this late spring [2007] when the foundation will have a five-day occasion that will remember meetings for nose reshaping procedures custom fitted to racial gatherings. What's more, progressively, plastic specialists are charming minoritiesâ€who make up 33% of the US populationâ€by promoting specializations in race-explicit medical procedures and utilizing a more noteworthy number of nonwhite faces on their Web locales. It may be the case that these new patients are doing whatever it takes not to delete the more clear markers of their ethnic legacy or race, yet just to lessen them. All the while, they’re seeking after ethnic and racial vagueness. Take Williams. With her new littler nose and long, straight hair, the African-American lady is by all accounts playing with the possibility of uncertainty. What's more, perhaps we shouldn’t be astonished. The blending of ethnicities and racesâ€via relationships, fellowships, and different interactionsâ€has made an exceptional combination in this nation. It’s the incredible jumble where Christmas and Hanukkah and Kwanzaa are commended in one long merry soul, where weddings blend Hindi promises in with a chuppah, where California-Vietnamese is, where Eminem can be â€Å"black† and Beyonce can go fair. Furthermore, the expanding number of nonwhites getting restorative medical procedure is helping society quicken from a creep t o a pedal to the metal run toward one genuinely dissolved, combination network. There were 11.5 million restorative methods done in 2005, including careful ones, for example, face lifts and rhinoplasties and nonsurgical ones, for example, Botox shots and collagen infusions. One out of each five patients was of African, Asian, or Hispanic plummet (separate insights aren’t accessible for white versus nonwhite Hispanics). As indicated by the American Society for Esthetic Plastic Surgery, the quantity of minority patients experiencing corrective methodology expanded from 300,000 of every 1997 to 2 million in 2005. Although the complete interest for restorative techniques additionally increasedâ€from 2 million out of 1997 to 11.5 million in 2005â€the pace of increment for minorities is higher than the general rate. (Ladies represent more than nine-tenths of every single corrective system.) Distinctive ethnic and racial gatherings favor various systems. Insights aggregated by the AAFPRS show that in 2005, more than six out of each 10 African-Americans getting corrective medical procedure had nose occupations. Not at all like rhinoplasties performed on Caucasians, which may fix a warped extension or shave off a mound, specialists state African-American and Asian-American nose reshaping as a rule prompts smaller nostrils, a higher scaffold, and a pointier tip. For Asian-Americans, eyelid surgeryâ€either the method to make an eyelid crease, frequently giving the eye an all the more all the way open appearance, or a standard eye lift to lessen indications of agingâ€is well known. As per the AAFPRS, 50 percent of Asian patients get eyelid medical procedure. Dr. Min Ahn, a Westborough-based plastic specialist who performs Asian eyelid medical procedure, says just regarding half of the Asian populace is brought into the world with some similarity to an eyelid wrinkle. â€Å"Even if Asians have a prior eyelid wrinkle, it is lower and the eyelid is fuller.† For those conceived without the wrinkle, he says, making the twofold eyelid is â€Å"so much a piece of the Asian culture right now.† It’s plausible that this method is driving the Asian interest for eyelid medical procedures. Bosom increase and rhinoplasty top the rundown of favored techniques for patients of Hispanic root, trailed by liposuction. Asian-Americans additionally pick bosom inserts, while bosom reductionâ€the one technique qualified for protection coverageâ€is the third most favored decision for African-American ladies after nose reshaping and liposuction. Specialists state African-American ladies normally use liposuction to expel abundance fat from their hindquarters and hipsâ€two territories in which an unbalanced number of ladies of this race store fat. The Culture of Self-Improvement Obviously, the assimilative idea of society by and large has consistently requested a specific level of similarity and adjustment of each gathering that arrived on American shores. Individuals have balanced in manners little and largeâ€such as by changing their names and learning new social mores. Elizabeth Haiken, a San Francisco Bay territory student of history and the writer of the 1997 book Venus Envy: A History of Cosmetic Surgery, says ethnic minorities may utilize plastic medical procedure as an approach to fit in to the standard, similarly as another gathering utilized it in the mid twentieth century. â€Å"The first gathering to truly grasp restorative medical procedure was the Jews,† says Haiken. Her exploration demonstrates that during the 1920s, when restorative medical procedure initially got mainstream in the United States, being Jewish was compared with â€Å"being revolting and un-American,† and the Jewish nose was the principal line of assault. Most rhinoplasties in this way looked to decrease its particular attributes and align it more with the favored straighter state of the Anglo-Saxon nose. That individuals would go to such limits to change their appearance should not shock anyone. â€Å"Going back to mid twentieth century culture, there is a profound situated c

The Importance of a Career Path Exploration

The Importance of a Career Path ExplorationA career path exploration helps to understand the reality behind a job application, a resume, and a personal statement. And a career exploration does not come with a college degree.If you want to write an introduction essay about yourself, you need to first be aware of what exactly makes up a career path exploration. So, before taking this step, you must first know what a career path exploration is. Just a quick overview of what it is will be helpful.In a career exploration, you try to understand what it is you want to do with your life and what type of career you want to pursue. This could be done in two ways. First, you could take a career path test and write a sample resume that explains what you want in a career. This can be done by using your imagination.Second, you could attend job-related panels or professional service organizations where you get to learn more about the job. Career explorations are an important part of many career dev elopment programs. When you make it a point to work through it properly, you will discover your calling in life. However, this type of exploration may not produce results on your first attempt.So, when you are finished with your career exploration, you must then discuss with your parents what you want to do. Your parents have to agree with your choice in a career, but you also need to consider their suggestions for where you should go in your career.You can also come up with your own career path. You just need to be aware of how different your parents' opinions will be compared to your own. The most important thing is that you must learn from your parents.Do not leave it too late when you finish with your career path exploration. You must learn from your parents because they are the experts in knowing your strengths and weaknesses.

Biola University Admission SAT Scores, Acceptance Rate

Health Promotion And Disease Prevention Program Essay

It is perhaps the most unpleasant feeling that many people experience on a regular basis; the realization that hits you moment the alarm goes off and you are propelled out of a tranquil slumber. Perhaps you hit the snooze button only to be meet by the same feeling in five minutes. You tell yourself that you will definitely make up for the lost sleep tomorrow, but it never happens. Though you condemn the alarm, or school, your health is your own responsibility, and that includes sleep. Sleep health has received national attention, with various studies evaluating sleep patterns of the nation, determining the consequences of inadequate sleep, and designating goals to meet in the future. The healthy people program, which in 2010 determined sleep-health a significant topic, intends to improve this problem. Healthy People 2020 is a health-promotion and disease-prevention program focusing on obtainable, ten-year objectives for improving health nationwide. Healthy People 2020 has determined sleep-health as a concerning issue, and aims to increase public knowledge of how adequate sleep and treatment of sleep disorders improve health, productivity, wellness, quality of life, and safety on roads and in the workplace (ODPHP, n.d.). Studies this program have complied show that a quarter of adults in the US report sleep health as a common problem. That is, at least every other day these adults find they do not receive adequate sleep or rest (ODPHP, n.d.). The topic of sleep health hasShow MoreRelatedHealth Promotion Program Proposal On Lyme Disease Prevention1634 Words   |  7 Pages Health Promotion Program Proposal on Lyme disease Prevention My health promotion program will focus on Lyme disease. My state-Maryland is number one in the list of top ten states for Lyme disease in United States. According to Physicians Now (2016), Although there were fewer cases of Lyme disease reported in 2012 than in previous years, the illness is still more common in Maryland than in many other states. There were 1,113 confirmed cases and 538 suspected cases in 2012, according to the CentersRead MoreFamily Centered Health Promotion Essay examples958 Words   |  4 PagesFamily Centered Health Promotion Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V 05/12/2013 Definition of Health Promotion is increasing awareness, indentifying alternatives and influencing attitudes of the people, so that they can make an informed decision and change their behaviors to achieve an optimal level of mental, physical and social health. Health promotion is also defined as the process of empowering people to improve and take control of their health to optimize the quality of their lives. EnnisRead MoreCreating A Program Outcome For Baccalaureate Program1069 Words   |  5 Pages Creating a Program Outcome for Baccalaureate Program Introduction: The mission for a Baccalaureate program provides leadership to improve health care and advance the discipline through nursing education, scholarship, and services. Baccalaureate program provides nurses with an innovative education grounded in nursing and related science, humanities, and leadership. According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2008), students in the Baccalaureate Nursing Program are better in inter-professionalRead MoreThree Levels of Health Promotion1264 Words   |  6 Pages Three Levels of Health Promotion Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V July 13, 2014 A process that will enable people to improve and have control over their health is called health promotion. For social and environmental interventions as our focus we will need to move beyond individual behavior. It seeks development of individual measures and communities to enhance well being by changing their lifestyles. Promoting public health is an important role for the nurse by changingRead MoreHealth Promotion793 Words   |  4 Pagespreventing diseases. But a new standard has developed. Focus has now shifted to health promotion. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health promotion as the â€Å"process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions.† Health promotion focuses on changes to a community as well as an individuals health by modifying their behaviors to strive for optimal health, whichRead MoreHealth Promotion Through Prevention And Wellness874 Words   |  4 Pagesto the prevalence of certain diseases (Fair, 2011). Most diseases that are strongly associated with risk factors or behaviors are preventable (Bezner, 2015). These diseases when not prevented may lead to decreased quality of life, disability and even death. It is better to prevent the occurrence of certain diseases by addressing modifiable risk factors, than to wait for the patient to suffer the consequences before we take action. Health promotion through prevention and wellness is ther efore a vitalRead MoreCenter for Disease Control Essay example1421 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many public sector and not for profit health agencies within the United States health care system. There are health care agencies that are run by the government, Quasi-government and voluntary. The agencies that are Quasi-government are supported by the government but managed privately and there are voluntary health agencies that can be run by private or non-profit agencies, and there are also government run agencies. Government agencies are run by the government and funded through taxesRead MoreHealth Promotion in Nursing Practice Essay1225 Words   |  5 PagesHEALTH PROMOTION IN NURSING PRACTICE Nursing Role and Responsibilities In health Promotion 7 January 2012 Nursing Roles and Responsibilities in Health Promotion Health promotion has become priority issues and future directions for health professions from a world perspective. By focusing on individuals, families, communities, and the environments in which people live, work, and play the health care professionals today are vital links for promoting national and international health. NursesRead MoreHealth Promotion1089 Words   |  5 PagesHead: Health Promotion Health Promotion October 14, 2011 Health promotion, as defined by Edelman and Mandle, is â€Å"the science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health†. It is a multifaceted approach to encouraging a lifestyle change among individuals as well as the community. An important aspect of health promotion is health education. One of the main responsibilities of a nurse is to provide health teaching and health promotionRead MoreA Literature Review of Health Promotion Essay1196 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Review of Health Promotions Grand Canyon University NRS 429 September 12, 2010 Literature Review Traditionally the United States health care system has been sickness-oriented. However, in the last two decades, a new paradigm has emerged. This new paradigm emphasizes wellness rather than sickness. As a result in this change in focus, health promotion is now an integral part of the nursing profession. This research paper will review current literature from

Christian Rap vs. Mainstream Rap free essay sample

If you the Listener actually listened to the lyrics you would change your mind. Christian rap does spread the word of god but it also express how to be yourself. Most songs encourage young people to do better and make a change to their Life and others. Lyrics such as in the song Make War Dashiki raps, Im filled with the Spirit so tell them dog this is pay back/ as you begin to copy the carbon copies of Christ/ and conform to His written image you should be shinning a light/ if you not, why is that? He summarizes Romans 8:29 which delves into a Christian believer adopting all he traits of Jesus Christ.Lyrics of Christian rap songs are filled with good incentives and positive lyrics. In the song Jesus Music Electra says everywhere I go people caught up in thyself money cars and clothes. They talk about it all the time and put it in they songs. Lyrics such as in the song Make War Dashiki raps, Im filled with the Spirit so tell them dog this is pay back/ as you begin to copy the carbon copies of Christ/ and conform to His written image you should be shinning a light/ if you not, why Is that? He summarizes Romans 8:29 which delves onto a Christian believer adopting all the traits of Jesus Christ.Lyrics of Christian rap songs are filled with good incentives and positive lyrics. In the song Jesus Music Electra says everywhere I go people caught up in thyself money cars and clothes. They talk about it all the time and put it in they songs. They drive around and play it loud like it anti nothing wrong . And all they talk about is sinful stuff, got everybody acting bad thinking that they a thug. By this he Is expressing how corrupt mainstream rap Is, Mainstream rap teaches their listeners how to acts and what to wear.Flame says in Joyful Noise, The light is where Im running I thought I wanted life, drunk, sexed out and blunted But all I really wanted was the One who really won outfought death, beat it gave His life to the public. Flame used to be surrounded by mainstream Influences but he found god and now knows who he should follow. People must overcome the Iron claw that mainstream rap has on them. Electra lets the world know In his song Soiled out. He says we must not be ashamed of ourselves and to be yourself. Man I consider my life until. If I could just finish the race. D complete the job the. Lord Jesus gave me. Live to tell the world his message. Romans 1:16 Im not Ashamed. I Anti Ashamed. . Sometimes faith may be evident in part of a song or other times an entire song or album may focus on Christian beliefs. Mainstream Raps lyrics are much different then Christian Rap. While Christian Rap talks about god and being yourself, Mainstream Rap express their music trough talking about drugs, sex, and violence. These lyrics are broadcasted all over the world showing their listeners that doing those bad things are the right thing to do.Most listeners to mainstream usually dont take the time to understand what they are listening to. They block out all he profanity and enjoy the beat of the music. When you take the time to understand what the songs actually mean you may be discouraged to listen to the song again. Lyrics from Oil Wayne In the song lollipop SSH-she licked me like a lollipop. When we look at specific words such as licked and lollipop it suddenly pops out what they are trying to get across. This is not alright for the radio but it sounds good so it ends up getting played. When he says Shasta Anna thug. Tootles in the club. Shasta want hump and oho I like to touch yea lovely lady lumps. there are so many ad messages getting embedded in your head. Mainstream is filled with explicit language and images. The song Shots by LLAMA encourages drink If you not drunk ladies and gentlemen Get ready to get **** up Lets do it ha, ha and If you anti getting drunk get the **** out the club. If you anti taking shots get the **** out the club. If you anti come to party get the **** out the club. Now where my alcoholics let me see you hands up. Most listeners are in the age f 13 to 24.This is telling children that it is okay to drink. Under age drinking is extremely dangerous . A widespread theme throughout most mainstream rap is a desire for wealth; this wish is part of the American dream, and thus reflects the desires of popular American culture. The constant bombardment of American youths with stereotypes has likely had a negative effect on them. It is common among youths to try and replicate the messages seen in rap videos; this is not surprising. Where we shop and eat even the types of homes we buy are dictated by what we hear the celebrities re doing.That is a powerful influence over an individual. Due to the fact that mainstream rap appeals to the thirteen to eighteen year old audiences and the artists performing come from very similar backgrounds of the listeners, rap music is able to control the way that youth think. The new generation of rappers is taking the lyrics of rap music more literally. Without the youth being able to distinguish fantasy from reality rap music has turned the youth more violent, disrespectful and it is teaching them to stand on the block and hustle or even kill someone over a minor agreement.Rap music has control of the 12-19 year old crowd more than the parents in the household. It is popular because it speaks to a generation that can/ wants to identify with what the artist is saying. The youth are taking someone elses experiences and making it their own Just for the sake of being cool or being accepted by others. Some people say the Christian rap industry is a business. These people sell records to save souls. So if we look at, it would seem as if Christian rappers are getting commission for every soul saved.Most Christian rappers arent in this business for the money they Just get paid for what they do Just like any other Job. A pastor gets paid to preach every Sunday why would it be any different for a Christian rapper selling Cads. Christian rappers have a positive effect on their listeners. The lyrics promote well being and the word of god. Youth that listen to Christian rap are better off then ones that listen to mainstream rap. Instead of being bombarded by bad incentives they are taught how to be a true follower of Christ and no fall too rower level.These two styles of rap are similar but opposites at the same time. They tempo and beats of the songs are very similar. They have the same basis of how they sound, the thing that makes these to styles different is the lyrics they use in their songs. Mainstream uses profanity while Christian rap uses the words of god. Even though on the radio embedding everything they say into the youths heads and morals. Mainstream should be endorsing lyrics that makes the youth of our nation more well off then filling them with bad images and words.

School Drop Out Rates Essay Example

School Drop Out Rates Essay One of the greatest gifts to have been bestowed upon the children of our nation is the offering of equitable academic education.   It is by means of the education presented that we as individuals are able to develop and advance the necessary skills to lead productive and prosperous lives.   In retrospect, while many may look back thankfully at the knowledge gained throughout our school years, the same may not be said for everyone, as dropout rates continue to play a dramatic role in today’s society.  Ã‚   So what are dropout rates and how are they important to not only the individual dropout but to society as well?   Throughout the following we will answer these questions as well as analyze various methods of measurement, the validity of those measurements, minority and ethnic groups affected and potential solutions regarding this crucial issue.If â€Å"knowledge is power†, then why would one opt to negate such an extraordinary gift?   Though the idea of schoo l for certain students can undoubtedly be difficult, uncomfortable and boring at times, the consequences rendered from ridding themselves of this learning process can be far more overwhelming in the long run.   Low paying jobs, illiteracy and quality of life issues are only a few such consequences.   Furthermore, individual dropouts are not the only ones to suffer from these effects.   Communities with higher dropout rates tend to have greater percentages of residents collecting public assistance, tax revenue losses and elevated crime rates.   For instance, it is believed that dropouts are 3.5 times more likely to commit crimes.   That being said, 75% of prison inmates have not graduated from a high school program. This in turn spurns greater prison costs. Additionally, studies have shown that illegal drug use may increase among high school dropouts. (Smink, J., Drew, S. Duckenfield, M., 2006)Sadly, children may also find themselves victims in the educational push and pul l as they become prone to repeating the cycle of their parents. (Smink, J., Drew, S. Duckenfield, M., 2006)   As children, we gained much knowledge by what we saw and what we â€Å"believed† to be correct.   On that note, if parents do not take their own education, or lack thereof, seriously, then it stands to reason as to what direction their children will take?   Yet, to speak of ill effects may not be enough.  Ã‚   In order to at least comprehend the magnitude of this ongoing issue and its social ramifications, governing entities must be able to statistically evaluate information that presents itself as a means to develop solutions.   Dropout rates may serve this very purpose.Since the 1970’s dropout rates have gradually decreased, yet issues of educational abandonment remain.   The compilation of data used to study dropout rates can be a promising tool not only in determining school performance but they may also be helpful in deciphering trends.  Ã‚   By studying these rates, the development of special services devoted to the reduction and prevention of dropouts from state to state can be initiated.   It is noteworthy to mention that available services come from partnered efforts such as governmental and community agencies as well as through business.  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Students generally are considered to have dropped out when they leave school, do not transfer, do not graduate and do not return to school in the next year.†Ã‚   Methods of determining dropout rates vary, however, dependant upon the question to be answered, such as specific age groups, yearly percentages or combined grade levels over a period of time.   Some of the most noted rate structures are Longitudinal, Attrition, Annual and Status Rates.   (Creech, 2000)Longitudinal Rates are useful in determining â€Å"the percentage of 9th graders who do not graduate in five years†.   Using division (No. of dropouts / No. of original class members) this rate is easily generated and offers the student a greater period of time to obtain their high school certificate.   However, due to limited availability of necessary information like that of the actual number of school transfers, the rates may not be wholly accurate.   For this reason, Longitudinal Rates are mainly projections of yearly rates.   (Creech, 2000)Similarly, Attrition Rates are determined by 9th grade percentages but do not allow for the extra (5th) year and like Longitudinal Rates certain necessary information may be lacking to accurately arrive at true percentages.   These rates are computed by subtraction and division methods using the number of 9th grade students enrolled four years prior minus the total number of graduating students and then dividing by the 9th grade enrollment numbers.   (Creech, 2000)   While difficult to understand, the following example may serve to clarify any confusion.   If we had 450 total students enrolled in 9th grade an d four years later only 350 graduated, it is obvious we would have 100 students who would considered dropouts.   If we then take those 100 students and divide it by the 450 students initially enrolled our Attrition Rate would result in 22.2% dropout rate covering that four-year period of time.School performance percentages are the primary goal of Annual Dropout Rates which compares enrollment for the months of May and June to those of the following September.   Although overall dropout percentages from year to year are easily determined by this method, state variations on grade levels included display no uniformity.   As a result, state-to-state comparisons are not feasible.   Another disadvantage of analyzing only the number of dropouts for that given year is lower percentage rates that may not paint a complete picture of the actual problem.   For instance average rates compiled over a period of four years may not correspond to yearly rates.   Lower rates can also be at tributed to the grade level variations, as states including 7th and 8th grade students in their final percentage.   Typically, students of younger age groups do not dropout of school until much later when restrictions are lifted.   In this sense, underestimation seems inevitable. (Creech, 2000)Status Rates are accumulated through U.S Census Bureau Population Surveys and are used to determine dropout rates among specific age groups and are the most beneficial or accurate rates for comparison of state-to-state percentages.   For example, Status Rates may report the percentage of 16 through 19 year-olds who have not graduated high school and who are not enrolled.   (Creech, 2000)   According to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES, 2001) â€Å"in October 1999, there were 3.8 million 16-24-year-olds were not enrolled in a high school program and who had not completed high school†, regardless of when they attended school.   Consequently, 11.2% of 16 throu gh 24-year-old dropouts in the United States fell within this category.  Ã‚   Through such rates the overall dropout problem existing within our population is revealed. Status Rates can greatly aid in the furtherance of developing additional education and training designed to help incite dropouts to more readily participate within the nation’s economy as well as lead more productive lives.The NCES also computes annual Event Rate Statistics.  Ã‚   These rates encompass, ages 15 through 24-year-olds in grades 10-12 who have dropped out in the year preceding the data collection and is a valuable measure as to the effectiveness of educator’s ability to keep students enrolled.   It is important to mention that with the statistical calculations for Event Rates, students are viewed as having completed a high school program whether through traditional class work or by receiving their certification via alternate means such as a GED.   It is estimated that while over the last 25 years Event Dropout Rates have fluctuated, an overall decrease has been recorded from 6.1% in 1972 to 5.0% in 1999.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Event Status Rates (1999) also determined â€Å"5 out of every 100 young adults who were enrolled in high school in October 1998 were no longer in school and had not successfully completed high school†.   Event rates are collected through Current Population Surveys (CPS).   Such surveys allow for calculations to be determined based on characteristics such as ethnicity, sex, location of residency and income level.   For instance, the NCES has compiled data in 1999 that supported the fact that students of families in the lowest 20% of household incomes had a five times higher likelihood of dropping out of school.   Which minority groups overall are more likely to dropout of school can also be determined through Event Rates.   (NCES, 2001)According to calculated percentages Hispanics make up the majority of school dropouts among minor ity and ethnic groups.   As Creech (2000) points out, statistics set forth by the NCES, determined that 38% of Hispanic students had dropped out of school in 1998, whereas, only 17% of black students were estimated to have dropped out within that specified year.   Figures such as these may be largely due to language barriers of students born abroad or living with families where English is used primarily as a second language.  Ã‚   Overall black and Hispanic students were 2-3 times more likely to drop out of school than white students.   Other social influences that may contribute to higher   drop out rates are pregnancy, behavioral problems and self-esteem issues.   In order to combat these problems, special programs for groups like teen parents and those whose first language is not English must be instituted.   (Creech, 2000)Yet, even with the mass amounts of technical information offered as to the various methods and calculations of dropout rates, we are left with th e question, are dropout rates valid as a true account of the nationwide problem?   As discussed in earlier paragraphs, accuracy is not always achieved.   For instance, most school informational systems do not have a means to track students who have transferred to other schools or who have failed.   During calculations of Longitudinal and Attrition Rates, the only information taken into account is the number of enrolled students compared to non-enrolled students over a given time period.   As a result, actual transfer students are included as dropouts when such is not the case.   While it has neither been proved nor disproved, states that have adopted the Exit Exam policies before certification can be received, may lead to a greater percentage of students failing.   This in turn will not only lower graduation rates but may increase inaccurate dropout percentages. (Greene, J. Winters, M.A., 2005)In fact, the mere defining of the term â€Å"dropout† can in itself cr eate reporting inaccuracy.   This is primarily caused by a great number of states that differ in their opinion as to who should be counted as a dropout.   Furthermore, these variances make it nearly impossible to compare the rate of dropouts between states or statistics presented in previous years.   (Creech, 2000)Status Rates have also been criticized.   Sum and Harrington (2003) believe Status Rates, as calculated by the U.S. Department of Education are â€Å"substantially biased†.   One reason may be the denominator attributed to Status Rates that does not allow for future dropouts in students 18 through 24 years of age.   The problem being, as research has shown, it is more likely these students over the age of 18 will decide to drop out of school as they are well over the average age of their peers.Another issue presented is the exclusion of those students who have left school but have acquired their GED.   While the positive aspects of obtaining a GED may be inspiring, studies have determined that the GED is not an equitable assessment of a traditional high school diploma.   Moreover, students age 18 through 24 who have been institutionalized or imprisoned are also excluded from Status Rate calculations.   (Sum, A. Harrington, P., 2003)Overall, prevention is key in the reduction of dropout rates.   Legislative enforcements like that of The Education and Economic Development Act (2005) have been enacted to improve academic achievement while focusing on career choice, work skills and graduation rates.   (Smink, J., Drew, S. Duckenfield, M., 2006)   In addition, it may prove significantly beneficial for policymakers to set in place more advanced data   systems that can better predict and detail those students who are most likely to dropout of school.   Means of intervention via education administrators must also come into play for schools that have repeated performance issues that may diminish student motivation and incr ease dropout rates.   (Achieve, Inc., 2006)In summary, while the implementation of calculating dropout rates can be beneficial tools to the researcher, they may not serve the best interest of the community or students assessed.   Without an accurate depiction of the existing problem we cannot achieve the goal of preventing and/or reducing dropout rates. Still, we must continue on through trial, error and heated debate, in hopes of a better tomorrow for our young adults. School Drop Out Rates Essay Example School Drop Out Rates Essay One of the greatest gifts to have been bestowed upon the children of our nation is the offering of equitable academic education.   It is by means of the education presented that we as individuals are able to develop and advance the necessary skills to lead productive and prosperous lives.   In retrospect, while many may look back thankfully at the knowledge gained throughout our school years, the same may not be said for everyone, as dropout rates continue to play a dramatic role in today’s society.  Ã‚   So what are dropout rates and how are they important to not only the individual dropout but to society as well?   Throughout the following we will answer these questions as well as analyze various methods of measurement, the validity of those measurements, minority and ethnic groups affected and potential solutions regarding this crucial issue.If â€Å"knowledge is power†, then why would one opt to negate such an extraordinary gift?   Though the idea of schoo l for certain students can undoubtedly be difficult, uncomfortable and boring at times, the consequences rendered from ridding themselves of this learning process can be far more overwhelming in the long run.   Low paying jobs, illiteracy and quality of life issues are only a few such consequences.   Furthermore, individual dropouts are not the only ones to suffer from these effects.   Communities with higher dropout rates tend to have greater percentages of residents collecting public assistance, tax revenue losses and elevated crime rates.   For instance, it is believed that dropouts are 3.5 times more likely to commit crimes.   That being said, 75% of prison inmates have not graduated from a high school program. This in turn spurns greater prison costs. Additionally, studies have shown that illegal drug use may increase among high school dropouts. (Smink, J., Drew, S. Duckenfield, M., 2006)Sadly, children may also find themselves victims in the educational push and pul l as they become prone to repeating the cycle of their parents. (Smink, J., Drew, S. Duckenfield, M., 2006)   As children, we gained much knowledge by what we saw and what we â€Å"believed† to be correct.   On that note, if parents do not take their own education, or lack thereof, seriously, then it stands to reason as to what direction their children will take?   Yet, to speak of ill effects may not be enough.  Ã‚   In order to at least comprehend the magnitude of this ongoing issue and its social ramifications, governing entities must be able to statistically evaluate information that presents itself as a means to develop solutions.   Dropout rates may serve this very purpose.Since the 1970’s dropout rates have gradually decreased, yet issues of educational abandonment remain.   The compilation of data used to study dropout rates can be a promising tool not only in determining school performance but they may also be helpful in deciphering trends.  Ã‚   By studying these rates, the development of special services devoted to the reduction and prevention of dropouts from state to state can be initiated.   It is noteworthy to mention that available services come from partnered efforts such as governmental and community agencies as well as through business.  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Students generally are considered to have dropped out when they leave school, do not transfer, do not graduate and do not return to school in the next year.†Ã‚   Methods of determining dropout rates vary, however, dependant upon the question to be answered, such as specific age groups, yearly percentages or combined grade levels over a period of time.   Some of the most noted rate structures are Longitudinal, Attrition, Annual and Status Rates.   (Creech, 2000)Longitudinal Rates are useful in determining â€Å"the percentage of 9th graders who do not graduate in five years†.   Using division (No. of dropouts / No. of original class members) this rate is easily generated and offers the student a greater period of time to obtain their high school certificate.   However, due to limited availability of necessary information like that of the actual number of school transfers, the rates may not be wholly accurate.   For this reason, Longitudinal Rates are mainly projections of yearly rates.   (Creech, 2000)Similarly, Attrition Rates are determined by 9th grade percentages but do not allow for the extra (5th) year and like Longitudinal Rates certain necessary information may be lacking to accurately arrive at true percentages.   These rates are computed by subtraction and division methods using the number of 9th grade students enrolled four years prior minus the total number of graduating students and then dividing by the 9th grade enrollment numbers.   (Creech, 2000)   While difficult to understand, the following example may serve to clarify any confusion.   If we had 450 total students enrolled in 9th grade an d four years later only 350 graduated, it is obvious we would have 100 students who would considered dropouts.   If we then take those 100 students and divide it by the 450 students initially enrolled our Attrition Rate would result in 22.2% dropout rate covering that four-year period of time.School performance percentages are the primary goal of Annual Dropout Rates which compares enrollment for the months of May and June to those of the following September.   Although overall dropout percentages from year to year are easily determined by this method, state variations on grade levels included display no uniformity.   As a result, state-to-state comparisons are not feasible.   Another disadvantage of analyzing only the number of dropouts for that given year is lower percentage rates that may not paint a complete picture of the actual problem.   For instance average rates compiled over a period of four years may not correspond to yearly rates.   Lower rates can also be at tributed to the grade level variations, as states including 7th and 8th grade students in their final percentage.   Typically, students of younger age groups do not dropout of school until much later when restrictions are lifted.   In this sense, underestimation seems inevitable. (Creech, 2000)Status Rates are accumulated through U.S Census Bureau Population Surveys and are used to determine dropout rates among specific age groups and are the most beneficial or accurate rates for comparison of state-to-state percentages.   For example, Status Rates may report the percentage of 16 through 19 year-olds who have not graduated high school and who are not enrolled.   (Creech, 2000)   According to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES, 2001) â€Å"in October 1999, there were 3.8 million 16-24-year-olds were not enrolled in a high school program and who had not completed high school†, regardless of when they attended school.   Consequently, 11.2% of 16 throu gh 24-year-old dropouts in the United States fell within this category.  Ã‚   Through such rates the overall dropout problem existing within our population is revealed. Status Rates can greatly aid in the furtherance of developing additional education and training designed to help incite dropouts to more readily participate within the nation’s economy as well as lead more productive lives.The NCES also computes annual Event Rate Statistics.  Ã‚   These rates encompass, ages 15 through 24-year-olds in grades 10-12 who have dropped out in the year preceding the data collection and is a valuable measure as to the effectiveness of educator’s ability to keep students enrolled.   It is important to mention that with the statistical calculations for Event Rates, students are viewed as having completed a high school program whether through traditional class work or by receiving their certification via alternate means such as a GED.   It is estimated that while over the last 25 years Event Dropout Rates have fluctuated, an overall decrease has been recorded from 6.1% in 1972 to 5.0% in 1999.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Event Status Rates (1999) also determined â€Å"5 out of every 100 young adults who were enrolled in high school in October 1998 were no longer in school and had not successfully completed high school†.   Event rates are collected through Current Population Surveys (CPS).   Such surveys allow for calculations to be determined based on characteristics such as ethnicity, sex, location of residency and income level.   For instance, the NCES has compiled data in 1999 that supported the fact that students of families in the lowest 20% of household incomes had a five times higher likelihood of dropping out of school.   Which minority groups overall are more likely to dropout of school can also be determined through Event Rates.   (NCES, 2001)According to calculated percentages Hispanics make up the majority of school dropouts among minor ity and ethnic groups.   As Creech (2000) points out, statistics set forth by the NCES, determined that 38% of Hispanic students had dropped out of school in 1998, whereas, only 17% of black students were estimated to have dropped out within that specified year.   Figures such as these may be largely due to language barriers of students born abroad or living with families where English is used primarily as a second language.  Ã‚   Overall black and Hispanic students were 2-3 times more likely to drop out of school than white students.   Other social influences that may contribute to higher   drop out rates are pregnancy, behavioral problems and self-esteem issues.   In order to combat these problems, special programs for groups like teen parents and those whose first language is not English must be instituted.   (Creech, 2000)Yet, even with the mass amounts of technical information offered as to the various methods and calculations of dropout rates, we are left with th e question, are dropout rates valid as a true account of the nationwide problem?   As discussed in earlier paragraphs, accuracy is not always achieved.   For instance, most school informational systems do not have a means to track students who have transferred to other schools or who have failed.   During calculations of Longitudinal and Attrition Rates, the only information taken into account is the number of enrolled students compared to non-enrolled students over a given time period.   As a result, actual transfer students are included as dropouts when such is not the case.   While it has neither been proved nor disproved, states that have adopted the Exit Exam policies before certification can be received, may lead to a greater percentage of students failing.   This in turn will not only lower graduation rates but may increase inaccurate dropout percentages. (Greene, J. Winters, M.A., 2005)In fact, the mere defining of the term â€Å"dropout† can in itself cr eate reporting inaccuracy.   This is primarily caused by a great number of states that differ in their opinion as to who should be counted as a dropout.   Furthermore, these variances make it nearly impossible to compare the rate of dropouts between states or statistics presented in previous years.   (Creech, 2000)Status Rates have also been criticized.   Sum and Harrington (2003) believe Status Rates, as calculated by the U.S. Department of Education are â€Å"substantially biased†.   One reason may be the denominator attributed to Status Rates that does not allow for future dropouts in students 18 through 24 years of age.   The problem being, as research has shown, it is more likely these students over the age of 18 will decide to drop out of school as they are well over the average age of their peers.Another issue presented is the exclusion of those students who have left school but have acquired their GED.   While the positive aspects of obtaining a GED may be inspiring, studies have determined that the GED is not an equitable assessment of a traditional high school diploma.   Moreover, students age 18 through 24 who have been institutionalized or imprisoned are also excluded from Status Rate calculations.   (Sum, A. Harrington, P., 2003)Overall, prevention is key in the reduction of dropout rates.   Legislative enforcements like that of The Education and Economic Development Act (2005) have been enacted to improve academic achievement while focusing on career choice, work skills and graduation rates.   (Smink, J., Drew, S. Duckenfield, M., 2006)   In addition, it may prove significantly beneficial for policymakers to set in place more advanced data   systems that can better predict and detail those students who are most likely to dropout of school.   Means of intervention via education administrators must also come into play for schools that have repeated performance issues that may diminish student motivation and incr ease dropout rates.   (Achieve, Inc., 2006)In summary, while the implementation of calculating dropout rates can be beneficial tools to the researcher, they may not serve the best interest of the community or students assessed.   Without an accurate depiction of the existing problem we cannot achieve the goal of preventing and/or reducing dropout rates. Still, we must continue on through trial, error and heated debate, in hopes of a better tomorrow for our young adults.